Mediju darbība un žurnālistikas principi kara apstākļos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22364/adz.59.04Keywords:
ziņu žurnālistika, mediji, žurnālistikas standarti, konvencionāls karš, UkrainaAbstract
Kara apstākļos mainās ne tikai mediju organizatoriskā darbība, bet arī satura veidošanas principi un profesionālie žurnālistikas standarti.
References
Abend, L. (2022, 6 March) What It’s Like for Ukrainian Journalists Reporting on the War in Their Country. Pieejams: https://bit.ly/3Rc2bC1 (10.08.2023.).
Al-Ghazzi, O. (2023) “Forced to report”: Affective proximity and the perils of local reporting on Syria. Journalism, 24 (2), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920984874.
Carpentier, N. & Terzis, G. (2005) Media representations of war and conflict. Pieejams: https://bit.ly/44xAF4F (16.08.2023.).
Chiluwa, I. (ed.) (2022) Discourse, Media, and Conflict. Examining War and Resolution in the News. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009064057.
Council of Europe Portal (2022) Not a target – the need to reinforce the safety of journalists covering conflicts. Pieejams: https://www.coe.int/en/web/kyiv/-/not-a-target-the-need-to-reinforce-the-safety-of-journalists-covering-conflicts (16.10.2022.).
Dubchak, A. (2022, 29 March) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Ednannia, I. (2022) Newsrooms’ survival needs during wartime. Pieejams: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= rCqBz4hRhIE (20.10.2022.).
Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications (2003), Johnson, D. H. (ed.) Academic Press.
Englom, A. (2021, 2 December) The role of the media in times of crises. Pieejams: https://assembly.coe.int/LifeRay/CULT/Pdf/TextesProvisoires/2021/20211202-MediaTimesCrisis-EN.pdf (05.01.2023.).
Gouse, V.; Valentin-Llopis, M.; Perry, S.; Nyamwange, B. (2019) An Investigation of the Conceptualization of Peace and War in Peace Journalism Studies of Media Coverage of National and International Conflicts. Media, War & Conflict, 12 (4), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/175063521881091.
Grant, M. (2022, 5 July) Reporting Ukraine: the first 7 days. International News Safety Institute. Pieejams: https://insi.ws-django.co.uk/news/managing-conflict-reflections-on-the-first-7-days-of-conflict/ (14.08.2023.).
Gumenyuk, N. (2022, 21 March) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Hanitzsch, T.; van Dalen, A.; Steindl, N. (2018) Caught in the Nexus: A comparative and longitudinal analysis of public trust in the press. The International Journal of Press/ Politics, 23 (1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161217740695.
Harb, Z. (2022, 9 March) Ukraine war: Is impartiality always key to quality journalism? Aljazeera. Opinion. Pieejams: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/9/is-absolute-impartiality-always-a-necessity-in-journalism (09.08.2023.).
Høiby, M.; Ottosen, R. (2019) Journalism under pressure in conflict zones: A study of journalists and editors in seven countries. Media, War & Conflict, 12 (1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217728092.
Hussain, S.; Ahmad, A.R. (2021) Examining perceptions towards war / peace journalism: A survey of journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. International Communication Gazette, 84 (3), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048521101561.
Kariakina, A. (2022, 29 April) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Kulykov, A. (2022, 17 March) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Latvijas Republikas Satversme (15.02.1922.) Pieejams: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/57980 (04.09.2023.).
Lehigh University (1995) Military and the Media – History. Pieejams: https://www.lehigh.edu/~jl0d/J246-97/246war1.html (11.08.2023.).
Levin, S. (2018) Mark Zuckerberg: I regret ridiculing fears over Facebook’s effect on election. The Guardian. Pieejams: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/27/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-2016-election-fake-news (15.08.2023.).
Likums “Par ārkārtējo situāciju un izņēmuma stāvokli” (07.03.2013.). Pieejams: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/255713 (04.09.2023.).
LSM (29.03.2022.) Sabiedriskie mediji kopā ar tiesībsardzi izstrādājuši kara un konfliktu žurnālistikas vadlīnijas. Pieejams: https://ltv.lsm.lv/lv/informacija-medijiem/raksts/257153/sabiedriskie-mediji-kopa-ar-tiesibsardzi-izstradajusi-kara-un-konfliktu-zurnalistikas-vadlinijas (03.08.2023.).
LTV (2022) Sabiedrisko mediju kara un konfliktu žurnālistikas vadlīnijas 2022. Pieejams: https:// bit.ly/45X7hWW (18.08.2023.).
Luckhurst, T. (2016) War Correspondents. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Pieejams: https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_correspondents (15.08.2023.).
Lynch, J. (2021a) Peace Journalism. Pieejams: https://www.professorjakelynch.com/peace-journalism/ (10.08.2023.).
Lynch, J. (2021b) Peacebuilding: What Is Peace Journalism? Pieejams: https://www.professorjakelynch.com/peacebuilding-what-is-peace-journalism/ (10.08.2023.).
Mercier, A. (2005) War and media: Constancy and convulsion. International Review of the Red Cross, 87 (860), 649–659. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383100184486.
Nacionālās drošības likums (14.12.2000.). Pieejams: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/14011 (23.08.2023.).
Orgeret, K. S.; Tayeebwa, W. (eds.) (2016) Conflict and Post-Conflict Journalism. Worldwide Perspectives. University of Gothenburg : Nordicom. Pieejams: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:935872/FULLTEXT01.pdf (12.08.2023.).
Panagiotopoulos, P.; Barnett, J.; Bigdeli, A. Z.; Sams, S. (2016) Social Media in Emergency Management: Twitter as a Tool for Communicating Risks to the Public. Technological forecasting and social change, 111, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.06.010.
Puddephatt, A. (2006) Conflict and the role of the media. International Media Support. Pieejams: https://www.media-diversity.org/additional-files/documents/b-studies-reports/Conflict%20and%20the%20role%20of%20the%20Media%20[EN].pdf (12.08.2023.).
Rai, A. K. (2000) Media at War: Issues and Limitations. Strategic Analysis, 24 (9), 1681–1694. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455312.
Satori (2022) Diskusija: žurnālistika kara apstākļos. Pieejams: https://satori.lv/article/diskusija-zurnalistika-kara-apstaklos (12.08.2023.).
Sergatskova, K. (2022, 28 March) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Shandra, A. (2022, 18 March) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Stupart, R. (2021) Feeling responsible: Emotion and practical ethics in conflict journalism. Media, War and Conflict, 14 (3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352211013461.
Toff, B.; Badrinathan, S.; Mont’Alverne, C.; Arguedas, A. R.; Fletcher, R.; Nielsen, R. K. (2020) Overcoming indifference: What attitudes towards news tell us about building trust. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Pieejams: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3750935 (12.08.2023.).
Tomilenko, S. (2022, 17 April) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
Tsaplienko, A. (2022, 8 April) Eyewitness Ukraine. Pieejams: https://eyewitnessukraine.balkaninsight.com/ (15.08.2023.).
UNESCO (2022) UNESCO organizes a session on safety of journalists in Ukraine war on the occasion of WPFD 2022. Pieejams: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-organizes-session-safety-journalists-ukraine-war-occasion-wpfd-2022 (23.08.2023.).
University of Zurich (2022) High-Quality Media Coverage of Ukraine War. Pieejams: https://www.news.uzh.ch/en/articles/media/2022/Media-Coverage-Ukraine.html (12.08.2023.).
Van Tuyll, D. R. (2003) War Reporting, Overview. Johnson, D. H. (ed.) Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-387670-2/00315-0.
Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2020) An emotional turn in journalism studies? Digital Journalism, 8 (2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626.
