Competitive Intelligence and Information Technology Adoption of SMEs in Turkey: Diagnosing Current Performance and Identifying Barriers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37380/jisib.v3i2.66Abstract
The need for SMEs to behave in a more concise and coherent competitive fashion is well recognised. This study reports on an empirical study of SMEs in Turkey. Their responses were applied to a behavioural and information technology adoption framework which enabled the identification of areas where changes would be required for these firms to begin operating at a higher level of competence. The findings revealed significant scope for improvements on all strands of the diagnostic framework: attitude, gathering, location, technology support, IT systems support and finally, use of intelligence-based output by decision-makers. Through free form responses, it was also possible to identify barrier to higher level adoption and performance inhibiters, which were subsequently, categorised and assessed for significance.
References
Adidam, P.T., Gajre, S., Kejriwal, S., 2009. Cross-Cultural Competitive Intelligence Strategies. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 27 (5), 666-680.
Afolabi, B.S., 2007. La Conception et l’adaptation de la structure d’un système d’intelligence economique par l’observation des comportements de l’utilisateur. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, Université Nancy 2, France.
April, K., Bessa, J., 2006. A critique of the strategic competitive intelligence process within a global energy multinational. Problems and Perspectives in Management. 4 (2), 86-99.
Baptista, J., Newell, S., Currie, W., 2010. Paradoxical effects of institutionalisation on the strategic awareness of technology in organisations. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 19 (3), 171-183.
Bawden, D., Robinson, L., 2009. The dark side of information: overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. Journal of Information Science. 35 (2), 180-191.
Begin, L., Deschamps, J., Madinier, H., 2007. Une approche interdisciplinaire de l’intelligence economique. Les Cahiers de Recherche. No. 07/4/1. Retrieved from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1083943 Accessed: 29th August 2008.
Bhagwat, R., Sharma, M. K., 2007. Information system architecture: a framework for a cluster of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Production Planning & Control: The Management of Operations. 18 (4), 283-296.
Bisson, C., Guibey, I., Laurent, R., Dagron, P., 2012. Mise en place d’un système de détection de signaux précoces pour une intelligence collective de l’agriculture appliquée aux filières de l’élevage bovin. Proceedings of Congrès PSDR, 16th-19th June 2012, Clermont Ferrand. France.
Bisson, C., 2003. Application de méthodes et mise en place d’outils d’intelligence compétitive au sein d’une PME de haute technologie. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, Université Aix-Marseille, France.
Bisson, C., 2010. Development of competitive intelligence tools and methodology in a French high-tech SME. Competitive Intelligence Magazine. 13 (1), 18-24.
Bourret, C., 2008. Éléments pour une approche de l'intelligence territoriale comme synergie de projets locaux pour développer une identité collective. Projectics/Proyéctica/Projectique . 0, 79-92.
Bouthillier, F., Jin, T., 2005. Competitive intelligence and webometrics. Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management. 3 (3), 19-39.
Bresson, F., Bisson, C., 2011. Market study on SIM card usage in sub-saharan Africa with special reference to Kenya. International Journal of Marketing Principles and Practices. 1(1), 49-56.
Brouard, F., 2006. Development of an expert system on environmental scanning practices in SMEs: tools as a research program. Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management. 3 (4), 37-55.
Bryant, S., 2011. Turkey growth equals China as GDP recoups Lehman loss, Washington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.internationalpropertydevelopers.com/international_property_news/turkey_growth.asp Accessed 1st March 2012.
Burke, G.I., Jarratt, D.G., 2004. The influence of information and advice on competitive strategy definition in small and medium-sized enterprises. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 7 (2), 126-138.
Central Intelligence Agency, 2011. The world fact book: Turkey. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu Accessed: 24th January 2011
Chaffey, D., Chadwick, F. E., Mayer, R., 2009. Internet Marketing - Strategy, Implementation and Practice, fourth ed. Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, UK.
Chaffey, D., White, G., 2011. Business Information Management: Improving Performance using Information Systems. Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, UK.
Chang, S.I. , Hung, S. Y., Yen, D.C., Lee, P.J., 2010. Critical factors of ERP adoption for small- and Medium- sized enterprises: an empirical study. Global Information Management. 18 (3), 82-106.
Chen, K., 2011. Debt Crisis and the Economic Outlook in Europe. Retrieved from: http://ezinearticles.com/?2011-Debt-Crisis-and-the-Economic-Outlook-in-Europe&id=5702809 Accessed: 14th Februry 2012.
Chuang, T.T., Nakatani, K., Zhou, D., 2009. An exploratory study of the extent of information technology adoption in SMEs: an application of upper echelon theory. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 22 (1/2), 183-196.
Cleff, T., Rennings, K., 2012. Are there any first-mover advantages for pioneering firms?: lead market orientated business strategies for environmental innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management. 15 (4), 491-513.
Cook, M., Cook, C., 2000. Competitive Intelligence: Create an Intelligent Organization and Compete to Win. Kogan Page, London, UK.
Cravens, D.W., Piercy, N.F., Baldauf, A., 2009. Management framework guiding strategic thinking in rapidly changing markets. Journal of Marketing Management. 25 (1/2), 31-49.
Dhaliwal, J., Onita, C. G., Poston, R., Zhang, X. P., 2011. Alignment within the software development unit: assessing structural and relational dimensions between developers and testers. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (4), 323-342.
Dishman, P.L., Calof, J.L., 2008. Competitive intelligence: a multiphasic precedent to marketing strategy. European Journal of Marketing. 42 (7/8), 766-785.
Eren, E., Erdoğmuş, I.E, 2004. Knowledge management and database marketing applications. Dogus University Journal. 5 (1), 1-16.
EU Commission Recommendation, 2003. 2003/361/EC, Official Journal of the European Union 2003/361/EC, 124, 36.
Euronews, 2013. Turquie : situation tendue sur les marchés d’actions. Retrieved from: http://fr.euronews.com/2013/06/10/turquie-situation-tendue-sur-les-marches-d-actions/ Accessed 20th June 2013
Evrard Samuel, K., Goury, M.L., Gunasekaran, A., Spalanzani, A., 2011. Knowledge management in supply chain: An empirical study from France. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (3), 283-306.
Foenix-Riou, B, 2011. Recherche Éveillée sur Internet: Mode D'emploi. Bases Publications, Hermes, Paris.
Franco, M., Haase, H., Magrinho, A., Silva, J. R., 2011a. Scanning practices and information sources: a study of firm size. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 24 (3), 268-287.
Franco, M., Magrinho, A., Silva, J.R., 2011b. Competitive intelligence: a research model tested on Portuguese firms. Business Process Management Journal, 17 (2), 332-356.
Galliers, R. D., 1991. Strategic Information Systems Planning: Myths, Reality and Guidelines for Successful Implementation. European Journal of Information Systems. 1 (1), 55-64.
Galliers, R.D., 2004. Reflections on information systems strategizing, in: Avgerou, C., Ciborra, C., Land, F. (Eds.), The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology: Innovation, Actors, and Contexts. Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 231-262.
Galliers, R.D., 2006. Strategizing for agility: confronting information systems inflexibility in dynamic environments, in: Desouza, K. (Ed.), Agile Information Systems. Butterworth-Heinemann, UK, pp. 1-15.
Gallivan, M., Srite, M., 2005. Information technology and culture: identifying fragmentary and holistic perspectives of culture. Information and Organization. 15 (4), 295-338.
Garg, A., Goyal, D.P., Lather, A.S., 2010. The influence of the best practices of information system development on software SMEs: a research scope. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 5 (3), 268-290.
Gordon, S. , Tarafdar, M., Cook, R., Maksimoski, R., Rogowitz, B., 2008. Improving the front end of innovation with information technology. Research-Technology Management. 51 (3), 50-58.
Gorla, N., Somers, T. M., Wong, B., 2010. Organizational impact of system quality, information quality, and service quality. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 19 (3), 207-228.
Guimaraes, T., 2011. Industry clockspeed's impact on business innovation success factors. European Journal of Innovation Management. 14 (3), 322-344.
Hanna, V., 2007. Exploiting complementary competencies via interfirm cooperation. International Journal of Technology Management. 37 (3/4), 247-58.
Hitt, M. A, Keats, B. W., DeMarie, S. M., 1998. Navigating in the new competitive landscape: building strategic flexibility and competitive advantage in the 21st century. Academy of Management Executive. 12 (4), 22-42.
Huang, R., Zmud, R.W., Price, R.L., 2009. IT governance practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: recommendations from an empirical study, in: Dhillon, G., Stahl, B.C., Baskerville, R., (Eds.), Information Systems - Creativity and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Springer, New York , pp. 158-179.
Hubert-Rodier, J., 2013. Les paradoxes et les limites du « printemps turc ». Retrieved from: http://www.lesechos.fr/opinions/analyses/0202803286062-les-paradoxes-et-les-limites-du-printemps-turc-572774.php Accessed 20th June 2013.
Hudson, S., Smith, J.R., 2008. Assessing competitive intelligence practices in a non-profit organisation. Proceedings of 2nd European Competitive Intelligence Symposium, 27th-28th March 2008, Lisbon, Portugal.
Huggins, R., Weir, M., 2012. Intellectual assets and small knowledge-intensive business service firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. 19 (1), 92-113.
Ifan, H.K., Dou, J.M., Manullang, S., Dou, H. 2004. Developing competitive technical intelligence in Indonesia. Technovation, 24 (12), 995-999.
ISOPTT, 2006. Increasing the small and micro enterprises’ own potential for transnational technology transfer. Working document. EU.
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, 2009. Characteristics of the study area. Special Report. Istanbul, Turkey.
Kappos, A., Rivard, S., 2008. A three-perspective model of culture, information systems, and their development and use. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 32 (3), 601-634.
Kavcioglu, S., 2009. The Turkish experience in SME finance and non-financial services streamlining. Proceedings of SMEs in the Globalized World Conference, Istanbul, 9th-10th April, 2009.
Kaya, N., Patton, J., 2011. The effects of knowledge-based resources, market orientation and learning orientation on innovation performance: an empirical study of Turkish firms. Journal of International Development. 23 204-219.
Kettinger, W.J., Grover, V., Guha, S., Segars A.H., 1994. Strategic information systems revisited: a study in sustainability and performance. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 18 (1), 31-58.
Knauf, A. (2007). Caracterisation des roles du coordinateur-animateur: emergence d’un acteur necessaire à la mise en pratique d’un dispositive regional d’intelligence economique. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, Universite Nancy 2, France.
Köksal, M. H., 2008. How export marketing research affects company export performance: evidence From Turkish companies. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 26 (4), 416-430.
Koseoglu, A.M., Karayormuk, K., Parnell, J.A., 2011. Competitive intelligence: evidence from Turkish SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 13 (3), 333-349.
Krishnan M. S., Rai. A., Zmud, R., 2007. The digitally enabled extended enterprise in a global economy. Information Systems Research. 18 (3), 233-236.
Krugman ,P., Wells, R., 2010. The Slump Goes On: Why? Retrieved from: http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/sep/30/slump-goes-why/?pagination=false, Accessed: 18th February 2011.
Larivet, S., 2009. Economic intelligence in small and medium business in France: a survey. Proceedings of 3rd European Competitive Intelligence Symposium, 11th-12th June 2009, Mälardalen University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Larivet, S., Brouard, F., 2012. SMEs attitude towards SI programmes: evidence from Belgium’, Journal of Strategic Marketing. 20 (1), 5-18.
Lee, A.S., 2010. Retrospective and prospects: information systems research in the last and next 25 years. Journal of Information Technology. 25 (4), 336-348.
Lee, S., Xiang, J.Y., Kim, J.K., 2011. Information technology and productivity: Empirical evidence from the Chinese electronics industry. Information & Management. 48 (2/3), 79-87.
Lee, Y-I., Trim, P.R.J., 2006. Retail marketing strategy: the role of marketing intelligence, relationship marketing and trust. Marketing Intelligence and Planning. 24 (7), 730-745.
Leidner, D., Lo, J., Preston, D.S., 2011. An empirical investigation of the relationship of IS strategy with firm performance. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (4), 419-437.
Leidner, D., Kayworth, T., 2006. A review of culture in information systems research: toward a theory of information technology culture conflict. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 30 (2), 357-399.
Lesca, H., Caron-Fasan, M-L., Janissek-Muniz, R., Freitas, H., 2005. La veille stratégique: un facteur clé de success pour les PME/PMI brésiliennes voulant devenir fournisseur de grandes companies transnationales. Revista FACEF Pesquisa, Sao Paulo.
Lester, D. L., Tran, T. T., 2008. Information technology capabilities: suggestions for SME growth. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management. 10 (1), 72-82.
Litan, R.E., Rivlin, A.M., 2001. Beyond the dot-coms: the economic promise of the internet. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Liu, C-H., Wang, C-C.,2008. Forecast competitor service strategy with service taxonomy and CI data. European Journal of Marketing. 42 (7/8), 746-765.
Ma, X., Liu, L., Li, J., Cu, D., 2008. How Chinese companies enhance competitive advantage through enterprise information system implementation. Tsinghua Science & Technology. 13 (3), 355-361.
Mazzarol, T.W., Reboud, S., Soutar, G.N., 2009. Strategic planning in growth oriented small Firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (4), 320-345.
McAdam, R., Mason, B., McCrory, J., 2007. Exploring the dichotomies within the tacit knowledge literature: towards a process of tacit knowing in organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management. 11 (2), 43-59.
Nair, A., Selover, D.D., 2012. A study of competitive dynamics. Journal of Business Research. 65 (3), 355-361.
Nevo, S.,Wade, M., 2011. Firm-level benefits of IT-enabled resources: a conceptual extension and an empirical assessment. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (4), 403-418.
Nguyen, T.H., 2009. Information technology adoption in SMEs: an integrated framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (2), 162-186.
Nonaka, I., Von Krogh, G., 2009. Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organization Science. 20 (3), 635-652.
Oerlemans, L., Rooks, G., Pretorius, T., 2005. Does technology and innovation management improve market position? Empirical evidence from innovating firms in South Africa. Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 18 (3), 38-55.
Petrini, M., Pozzebon, M., 2009. Managing sustainability with the support of business intelligence: integrating socio-environmental indicators and organisational context. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 18 (4), 178-191.
Placket, R.L., 1983. Karl Pearson and the chi-squared test. International Statistical Review, 51 (1), 59-72.
Qamar, S., Lal, N., Singh, M., 2010. Internet ware cloud computing: challenges. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. 7 (3), 206-210.
Quan, J., Hu, Q., 2006. Using IT to create business value in China: what can be learned from IT research and practices in the developed countries. International Journal of Internet and Enterprise Management. 4 (1), 5-19.
Ray, G., Muhanna, W.A., Barney, J., 2005. Information technology and the performance of the customer service process: a resource-based analysis. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 29 (4), 625-652.
Rishi, B., Goyal, D.P., 2011. Strategic information design practices in an emerging economy. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 7 (2), 388-401.
Rouibah, K., Ould-Ali, S., 2002. Puzzle: a concept and prototype for linking business intelligence to business strategy. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 11 (2), 133-152.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2008. Information technology investments in emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 1-10.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2011. Information technology success factors and models in developing and emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 17 (3), 163-167.
Salles, M., 2006. Decision making in SMEs and information requirements for competitive intelligence. Production Planning and Control. 17 (3), 229-237.
Sambamurthy, V., Bharadwaj, A., Grover, V., 2003. Shaping agility through digital options: reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 27 (2), 237-263.
Samoilenko, S., 2008. Contributing factors to information technology investments utilization in transition economies: an empirical investigation. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 52-75.
Santos, M., Correia, A., 2010. Competitive intelligence as a source of competitive advantage: an exploratory study of the Portuguese biotechnology industry. Proceedings of 11th European Conference of Knowledge Management, 2nd-3rd September 2010, Universidade Lusiada de Vila Nova de Famalacão, Famalacão, Portugal.
Schilling, M.A., 2010. Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, third ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Sherif, K., Xing, B., 2006. Adaptive processes for knowledge creation in complex systems: the case of a global consulting IT firm. Information & Management. 43 (4), 530-540.
Smith, J.R., 2005. The effectiveness of competitive intelligence: an Anglo-French comparative study. Proceedings of 1st EuropeanMazzarol, T.W., Reboud, S., Soutar, G.N., 2009. Strategic planning in growth oriented small Firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (4), 320-345.
McAdam, R., Mason, B., McCrory, J., 2007. Exploring the dichotomies within the tacit knowledge literature: towards a process of tacit knowing in organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management. 11 (2), 43-59.
Nair, A., Selover, D.D., 2012. A study of competitive dynamics. Journal of Business Research. 65 (3), 355-361.
Nevo, S.,Wade, M., 2011. Firm-level benefits of IT-enabled resources: a conceptual extension and an empirical assessment. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (4), 403-418.
Nguyen, T.H., 2009. Information technology adoption in SMEs: an integrated framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (2), 162-186.
Nonaka, I., Von Krogh, G., 2009. Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organization Science. 20 (3), 635-652.
Oerlemans, L., Rooks, G., Pretorius, T., 2005. Does technology and innovation management improve market position? Empirical evidence from innovating firms in South Africa. Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 18 (3), 38-55.
Petrini, M., Pozzebon, M., 2009. Managing sustainability with the support of business intelligence: integrating socio-environmental indicators and organisational context. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 18 (4), 178-191.
Placket, R.L., 1983. Karl Pearson and the chi-squared test. International Statistical Review, 51 (1), 59-72.
Qamar, S., Lal, N., Singh, M., 2010. Internet ware cloud computing: challenges. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. 7 (3), 206-210.
Quan, J., Hu, Q., 2006. Using IT to create business value in China: what can be learned from IT research and practices in the developed countries. International Journal of Internet and Enterprise Management. 4 (1), 5-19.
Ray, G., Muhanna, W.A., Barney, J., 2005. Information technology and the performance of the customer service process: a resource-based analysis. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 29 (4), 625-652.
Rishi, B., Goyal, D.P., 2011. Strategic information design practices in an emerging economy. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 7 (2), 388-401.
Rouibah, K., Ould-Ali, S., 2002. Puzzle: a concept and prototype for linking business intelligence to business strategy. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 11 (2), 133-152.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2008. Information technology investments in emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 1-10.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2011. Information technology success factors and models in developing and emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 17 (3), 163-167.
Salles, M., 2006. Decision making in SMEs and information requirements for competitive intelligence. Production Planning and Control. 17 (3), 229-237.
Sambamurthy, V., Bharadwaj, A., Grover, V., 2003. Shaping agility through digital options: reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 27 (2), 237-263.
Samoilenko, S., 2008. Contributing factors to information technology investments utilization in transition economies: an empirical investigation. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 52-75.
Santos, M., Correia, A., 2010. Competitive intelligence as a source of competitive advantage: an exploratory study of the Portuguese biotechnology industry. Proceedings of 11th European Conference of Knowledge Management, 2nd-3rd September 2010, Universidade Lusiada de Vila Nova de Famalacão, Famalacão, Portugal.
Schilling, M.A., 2010. Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, third ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Sherif, K., Xing, B., 2006. Adaptive processes for knowledge creation in complex systems: the case of a global consulting IT firm. Information & Management. 43 (4), 530-540.
Smith, J.R., 2005. The effectiveness of competitive intelligence: an Anglo-French comparative study. Proceedings of 1st EuropeanMazzarol, T.W., Reboud, S., Soutar, G.N., 2009. Strategic planning in growth oriented small Firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (4), 320-345.
McAdam, R., Mason, B., McCrory, J., 2007. Exploring the dichotomies within the tacit knowledge literature: towards a process of tacit knowing in organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management. 11 (2), 43-59.
Nair, A., Selover, D.D., 2012. A study of competitive dynamics. Journal of Business Research. 65 (3), 355-361.
Nevo, S.,Wade, M., 2011. Firm-level benefits of IT-enabled resources: a conceptual extension and an empirical assessment. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 20 (4), 403-418.
Nguyen, T.H., 2009. Information technology adoption in SMEs: an integrated framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. 15 (2), 162-186.
Nonaka, I., Von Krogh, G., 2009. Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory. Organization Science. 20 (3), 635-652.
Oerlemans, L., Rooks, G., Pretorius, T., 2005. Does technology and innovation management improve market position? Empirical evidence from innovating firms in South Africa. Knowledge, Technology & Policy. 18 (3), 38-55.
Petrini, M., Pozzebon, M., 2009. Managing sustainability with the support of business intelligence: integrating socio-environmental indicators and organisational context. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 18 (4), 178-191.
Placket, R.L., 1983. Karl Pearson and the chi-squared test. International Statistical Review, 51 (1), 59-72.
Qamar, S., Lal, N., Singh, M., 2010. Internet ware cloud computing: challenges. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security. 7 (3), 206-210.
Quan, J., Hu, Q., 2006. Using IT to create business value in China: what can be learned from IT research and practices in the developed countries. International Journal of Internet and Enterprise Management. 4 (1), 5-19.
Ray, G., Muhanna, W.A., Barney, J., 2005. Information technology and the performance of the customer service process: a resource-based analysis. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 29 (4), 625-652.
Rishi, B., Goyal, D.P., 2011. Strategic information design practices in an emerging economy. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 7 (2), 388-401.
Rouibah, K., Ould-Ali, S., 2002. Puzzle: a concept and prototype for linking business intelligence to business strategy. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 11 (2), 133-152.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2008. Information technology investments in emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 1-10.
Roztocki, N., Weistroffer, H.R., 2011. Information technology success factors and models in developing and emerging economies. Information Technology for Development. 17 (3), 163-167.
Salles, M., 2006. Decision making in SMEs and information requirements for competitive intelligence. Production Planning and Control. 17 (3), 229-237.
Sambamurthy, V., Bharadwaj, A., Grover, V., 2003. Shaping agility through digital options: reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 27 (2), 237-263.
Samoilenko, S., 2008. Contributing factors to information technology investments utilization in transition economies: an empirical investigation. Information Technology for Development. 14 (1), 52-75.
Santos, M., Correia, A., 2010. Competitive intelligence as a source of competitive advantage: an exploratory study of the Portuguese biotechnology industry. Proceedings of 11th European Conference of Knowledge Management, 2nd-3rd September 2010, Universidade Lusiada de Vila Nova de Famalacão, Famalacão, Portugal.
Schilling, M.A., 2010. Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, third ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Sherif, K., Xing, B., 2006. Adaptive processes for knowledge creation in complex systems: the case of a global consulting IT firm. Information & Management. 43 (4), 530-540.
Smith, J.R., 2005. The effectiveness of competitive intelligence: an Anglo-French comparative study. Proceedings of 1st European Competitive Intelligence Symposium, 21st-22nd January 2005, Poitiers, France.
Smith, J.R., Wright, S., Pickton, D.W., 2010. Competitive intelligence programmes for SMEs in France: evidence of changing attitudes. Journal of Strategic Marketing. 18 (7), 523-536.
Smith, J.R., Wright, S., Larivet, S., 2012. Public policy initiatives for French SMEs: accelerating competitive intelligence proficiency. Proceedings of International Small Business & Enterprise Conference (ISBE), 7th-9th November 2012, Business Support Policy and Practice Track, Dublin, Ireland.
Spraggon, M., Bodolica, V., 2008. Knowledge creation processes in small innovative hi-tech firms. Management Research Review. 31 (11), 879-894.
Sultan, S. S., 2007. The competitive advantage of small and medium sized enterprises: the case of Jordan’s natural stone industry. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
Tanev, S., Bailetti, T., 2008. Competitive intelligence information and innovation in small Canadian firms. European Journal of Marketing. 42 (7/8), 786-803.
Tarraf, P., Molz, R., 2006. Competitive intelligence at small enterprises. SAM Advanced Management Journal. 71 (4), 24-34.
Taşkin, H., Adali, M.R., Ersin, E., 2004. Technological intelligence and competitive strategies: an application study with fuzzy logic. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 15 (4), 417-429.
Teece D., 2005. Technology and technology transfer: Mansfieldian inspirations and subsequent developments. Journal of Technology Transfer. 30 (1/2), 17-33.
Tryfonas, T., Thomas, P., 2006. Intelligence on competitors and ethical challenges of business information operations. Proceedings of 5th European Conference, Information Warfare and Security, 1st-2nd June 2006, National Defence College, Helsinki, Finland.
Tsai, W., Su, K-H., Chen, M-J., 2011. Seeing through the eyes of a rival: competitor acumen based on rival-centric perceptions. Academy of Management Journal. 54 (4), 761-778.
Tziralis, G., Kirytopoulos, K., Rentizelas, A.,Tatsiopoulos, I., 2009. Holistic investment assessment: optimization, risk appraisal and decision-making. Managerial and Decision Economics. 30 (6), 393-403.
Von Krogh, G., 2009. Individualist and collectivist perspectives on knowledge in organizations: implications for information systems research. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 18 (3), 119-129.
Wade, M., Hulland, J., 2004. The resource-based view and information systems research: review, extension and suggestions for future research. Management Information Systems Quarterly. 28 (1),107-142.
Wagner, R., 2008. Achieving best practice through knowledge management: benchmarking and competitive intelligence as techniques for strategic decision-making in small and medium sized enterprises. MPhil, Information Science Thesis, University of Stellenbosch, South of Africa.
Wang, X., Teo, H., Wei, K., Sia, C., Lee, M., 2003. Effects of learning capacity and knowledge base on executive decision formation for IT adoption: an empirical study of small and medium-sized organizations, Proceedings of 11th European Conference, Information Systems (ECIS), 19th-21st June 2003, Naples, Italy.
Wang, H., He, J., Mahoney, J., 2009. Firm-specific knowledge resources and competitive advantage: the roles of economic- and relationship-based employee governance mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal. 30 (12), 1265-1285.
Waylyshyn, K.M., 2012. The Toxic Business Leader, in: Behind the Executive Door: Unexpected Lessons for Managing your Boss and Career, Springer, NY, New York pp. 53-88.
White, C.D., Campbell, K.S., Kacmar, K.M., 2012. Development and validation of a measure of leader rapport management: the LRM scale. Institute of Behavioural and Applied management, 121-149.
Whitehurst, G.R., 2008. How today’s top companies evaluate and use intelligence on their competitors. MBA Dissertation. University of Warwick, UK.
Wright, S., Pickton, D.W., Callow, J., 2002. Competitive intelligence in UK firms: a typology. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 20 (6), 349-360.
Wright S. 2011. A critical evaluation of competitive intelligence and insight management practice. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, De Montfort University, UK.
Wright, S., Eid, E.R., Fleisher, C.S., 2009a. Empirical study of competitive intelligence practice: evidence from UK retail banking. Proceedings of Academy of Marketing Conference, 7th-9th July 2009, Competitive Intelligence, Analysis & Strategy Track, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK.
Wright, S., Eid, E.R., Fleisher, C.S., 2009b. Competitive intelligence in practice: empirical evidence from the UK retail banking sector. Journal of Marketing Management. 25 (9/10), 941-964.
Wright, S., Fleisher, C.S., Madden, E., 2008. Characteristics of competitive intelligence practice in R&D driven firms: evidence from the UK pharmaceutical industry. Proceedings of EBRF Conference: Understanding Business in the Knowledge Society, 22nd-24th September 2004, Viking Line, Helsinki, Finland and Stockholm, Sweden.
Wunker, S., 2012. Better growth decisions: early mover, fast follower or late follower?. Strategy & Leadership. 40 (2), 43-48.
Xinping, S., Hongyun, T., Xiaowei, W., 2010. Study on SMEs oriented strategic decision support system based on competitive intelligence. Proceedings of Management and Service Science Conference, 24th-26th August 2010, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
Yang, J., 2005. Knowledge integration and innovation: securing new product advantage in high technology industry. Journal of High Technology Management Research. 16 (1), 121-155.
Zha, X., Chen, M., 2009. Competitive intelligence monitoring in the risk prevention of SMEs. Journal of Service Science and Management. 2 (3), 230-235.
Zhang, X., Majid, S., Foo, S., 2010. The role of information literacy in environmental scanning as a strategic information system - a study of Singapore SMEs. Technological Convergence and Social Networks in Information Management. Communications in Computer and Information Science. 96 (2), 95-109.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2013 Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).